This post contains spoilers, but so does Wikipedia, so fuck it; read on.
I'm re-reading C.S. Foresters Hornblower books at the moment, starting at the beginning of the story's timeline (although the books were written in an odd order) and loving every swashbuckling minute of it; so much detail and effort has gone into making you smell the sea and wish you were there. But I've found myself looking curiously the heroism that Hornblower displays, and wondering how a hero sees himself.
For the uninitiated, this paragraph is for you: Horatio Hornblower starts his adventures as a Midshipman in the Royal Navy in 1793, and kicks arse against the French and the Spanish for over 50 years. A man of strategic, mathematical and organisational brilliance, Hornblower is also known to readers as an insecure and self-loathing man, completely oblivious of his talents and intensely critical of his personal worth. From humble beginnings as the son of a doctor, Hornblower is made Knight Grand Cross of the most Honourable Order of Bath, becomes Admiral of the Fleet, and retires a Baron.
So he does alright in the end, and his career is littered with heroic deeds and amazing stories. The series of novels is one of the best works of fiction out there. But it got me thinking about acts of heroism, and what it takes to be a hero. In the Hornblower series, it's clear that the three criteria for heroism* are:
- A bold and daring act (e.g. boarding a ship and steering it away from the fleet);
- Extremely dangerous circumstances (e.g. the ship is on fire); and
- A very noble cause (e.g. to save lives, and fulfill one's duty.)
The last reason, I believe, is the most important. Throughout the Hornblower series, the protagonist, while aware of the rewards of prize ships, the opportunities for advancement, and the value of appearances, performs all of his deeds because he has sworn to fulfill his duty. He takes his sense of duty holistically and morally, marrying solely because he couldn't bear to break the heart of a woman he hastily proposed to (out of pity rather than love), returning to a Spanish prison after assisting in the rescue of Spanish sailors because he'd given his parole, and surreptitiously offering his steward desertion as an alternative to hanging when the man accidentally struck a superior officer. Other people see heroism; Hornblower only sees What Must Be Done.
Truly, Hornblower lived for others as a rule, like such great heroes as Sir Galahad of Camelot and FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper (pictured to your left; his right.) Like these brave men, Hornblower doesn't see the effect he has on others, only wishing to prove to himself that he is a creature worth living. Hornblower sees the few weak moments he has - his attraction to a woman who is not his wife, his chronic seasickness, and some rare, isolated incidents of bad luck - as testimony to what he considers cowardice, disloyalty and incompetence, and forgets or ignores his many, many great moments.
Can such a man be a hero? Definitely; the cause is in the eye of the observer. Will such a man see himself as a man worthy of such accolades? I doubt it. Such a withdrawn, insecure man is after self-approval, not the praise of others, no matter how many others there are. Hornblower is a hero, but he would never understand why, because for the majority of his life, he has considered himself a truly loathsome man. Only time to reflect on his adventures would show him that he is a successful man, husband and father, and even the most pessimistic man could not feel a sense of pride at his achievements.
As I said before, a real hero doesn’t see a hero when he looks in the mirror. But it would be a terrible thing to know the world thinks you’re a hero, and to have no reason to believe them. Thankfully, time tells the truth. In Hornblower's case, he eventually retires a content man, clearly having approved of his deeds and conduct, and enjoys his life, unfortunately not for long (he’s in his mid-70s by the end of the series.) But he’s finally happy with his life, and that's about all a hero could ask for.
*One thing I should have mentioned earlier is that in the eyes of the observers, heroism is a question of values. The French would never consider the acts of a British naval officer as heroic, but when Hornblower assists Napoleon III (whom he did not recognise) to travel to

by the likes of George Orwell, Ray Bradbury and Pierre Boulle. Sure, we may have our every step tracked by The Man, and there are starving people everywhere, but there have always been starving people everywhere, and I don't fear The Man because I have nothing to hide. You guilty bastards are gonna pay, and I'll be hanging out in my world of rainbows and kittens*.

